Here Are The Most Common Causes Of Hair Loss In Teenagers And Adults

>> Saturday, June 26, 2010

There can be quite a few reasons for balding in both men and females. Deficient nutrition, hormonal dynamics, mental stress, diseases can all result in hair fall problem. In medical the most widespread origin is called adrogenetic alopecia. This expression means hairlessness or thinning hair.

Adrogenetic here may be meant to see the result of androgens or male hormones, in addition genetic predisposition to balding are doubtless reasons for hair loss. Saying balding has been a genetic issue is just not that simple. One or two cases of hair fall in your family would like not be mean you'll be bald too. It's been a difficult prediction to mention who will begin balding and losing hair or how soon this can happen. This is often the explanation why they assert hair restoration can need meticulous preparation. Each one of us manufacture androgenic hormones. However how volatile these sorts of hormones will get has been the essential factor.

DHT (Dihydrotestosterone, Androsteinedione, Testosterone) may be the most common hormone that induces thinning hair. Within men, these hormones are created by the testicles in addition to adrenals. In women, ovaries and adrenals manufacture these varieties of hormones. However these varieties of hormones are produced within each genders, the concentration levels are higher in males than in women. This effectively differentiates the sexes. Once your hair follicles are exposed to the DHT hormones, relying of the degree of susceptibility whereas researching specific physiological changes, the adrogenetiic alopecia or hairlessness is initiated. This being the predominant reason why baldheadedness or hair loss problem defies the age factor.


It's not easy to see the pace of balding or when it starts. Most ordinarily, it starts inside late teen years. Conditions of sick-health are among the causes for hair loss. Thyroid troubles and diabetes will cause intense balding. Equally, problems affecting the liver and kidney too will end in hair fall. Polycystic ovary syndrome can be a condition obtained in females and teenage ladies that leads to loss of hair. Baldness could be a problem within customers who take products for acne. Yet one more issue source would be amphetamines within diet program pills. Naturally, it's a well known reality that chemotherapy will be another ruthless method inside which one experiences baldness.

A skin sickness that induces serious loss of scalp hair can be alopecia areata. It affects body hair system so badly that generally it induces loss of body hair too. This skin problem begins as extremely little bald patches additionally these patches gradually expand to full baldness. Frequently hair styling in addition to other hair manipulations offer negative pressure to scalp, damaging the hair.

Another way of forced thinning hair happens in patients suffering from a psychological disarray called Trichotillomania. Such people pluck off their own hair in tufts.

Malnutrition or under-nutrition can in addition reason hair loss since the human body does not attain enough nutrients that are vital for health and sustenance of hair. Intervention in natural hair growth process, as it happens due to giving birth to offspring or being anesthetized or undergoing surgery, will also lead to hair loss; often a permanent loss.
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How To Get Rid Of Sore Throat

A sore throat is one of the most common of medical complaints. It is an inflammation or infection of the pharynx accompanied with discomfort, pain, or scratchiness in the throat. A sore throat is contagious in most cases and can be spread through coughing and sneezing. There are many ways to get rid of a sore throat.

Home Remedies for Sore Throat

Gargling with raspberry tea, turmeric, sage, lukewarm salt water, and Listerine can help ease a sore throat. Gargling is one of the best home remedies.

Pour one cup of boiling water over two teaspoons of dried raspberry leaves and steep for ten minutes. Then strain, allow cooling and gargling. It is also good for controlling fevers.

Mix one teaspoon of salt, half cup of apple cider vinegar and one cup of hot water water. Dissolve the salt in the apple cider vinegar and mix in the water. Gargle with this mixture frequently.

Drinking lots of water also helps in getting rid of acid reflux sore throat pain and irritation. Although eight glasses will be enough, you can always drink more, if it is all right with you. Apart from helping you with your sore throat, it will also give you lots of other health benefits too.

Ginger is an effective herbal remedy for sore throat. The good thing about ginger is it is a common item in the kitchen. In preparing ginger, peel the skin off and slice it into coin shapes. Place the ginger pieces into a small pot with water and boil it. You will know that it is ready when the liquid turns yellow. You may also add your favorite sweetener to make the taste better. Sip it slowly and you will be able to feel the effects.


Hyssop is one of the herbal remedies that is very effective against sore throats. Not just that, it is also good for congestion and coughs. It is also used as an effective expectorant. To prepare hyssop, just soak it in 1 cup of boiling water and cover it for at least 10 minutes. The ratio is 2 teaspoons of dried hyssop is to 1 cup of boiling water. Let it cool down first before you sip it up.

Apple cider vinegar. This is a popular folk remedy, and doctors suggest it has some basis in fact: the acidity of the vinegar should kill sore-throat-causing bacteria on contact. To use this remedy, mix a teaspoon to two tablespoons (as strong as you can take) of vinegar in with water. Gargle and then swallow two times every hour. Remember to rise your mouth with water after gargling to prevent the acidity in the vinegar from damaging your tooth enamel.

Another effective remedy to end you problem in 24 hours is mango bark. You can mix a small amount with water and gargle several times.
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Basic Eye Care For Lifestyle Pressure

For Athletes: Keep in mind that an athlete may at rest need protection against injuries during contact sports, no issue which type of vision correction he chooses. If there is any menace of being hit by a fast-moving ball or other object as in racquetball, squash, hockey, etc., eye protection is extremely-advocated, whether you are wearing contacts or not. A polycarbonate eye-guard will not bend vision.

While some makers have developed contact lenses that offer protection from ultraviolet rays, many lenses do not. In any case, sunglasses or dark goggles should be worn to protect the eyes in sunlight outdoors, above all in such sports as swimming, skiing or ice-skating where they may be a lot of glare.

Performers & Actors: contact-lenses on stage, Contact lenses make available a double advantage to the active lifestyles of performers, who may require changing or improving their look while dancing, acting or participating in dramatic activities that may be as energetic as a main league baseball game.

Prior to colored contact lenses were accessible to the public, movie stars were using them to transform their eye color. Audrey Hepburn won an Academy Award for Wait Until Dark in 1967, in which she played a blind woman, wearing lenses specially intended to make her appear so.

Computer Use and Eyes: as a substitute of starring on the silver screen, or slugging home runs out of Fenway Park , a large number of people use up the mainstream of their workday in front of a computer screen. By one guess, nearly 90 percent of those people working at a video display terminal (VDT) sensed some form of vision problem as a result.

How do you put in the picture if your symptoms are interrelated to your computer use? VDT-related symptoms occur sometime after you set up work. As the workday builds up, your symptoms will turn out to be more acute. The symptoms that are related to computer use are difficulty focusing after working at a computer, with blurry or double vision, eyestrain or eye fatigue, headaches or backaches, dry and/or irritated eyes, neck stiffness or discomfort, after-images when looking away from the screen, sensitivity to lighting, muscle spasms.


The environmental factors that could affect your symptoms are vivid lights in your peripheral turf of vision could add to uneasiness or abridged visual performance. Reflected light on your computer screen can diminish the contrast of screen characters and perhaps force you to suppose an awkward position to see around the glare. The location of your screen could cause awkward positioning.

To settle on the reason of your symptoms, you should visit your eye care professional. Prior going to your appointment, on the other hand, take note of the environment in which your symptoms occur and at what times they are record. This will assist your doctor greatly in the diagnosis.

If computer eyestrain is the diagnosis, there are simple methods to ease the discomfort: don't focus on a single object for a prolonged period of time. Improve the lighting around your monitor. Blink often. Frequently close your eyes, and then look far into the distance (down a hallway or out a window) every 15-20 minutes to relax them. Sit at least 18-28 inches away from the screen. Tilt the monitor slightly below eye level; and keep your screen dust-free to minimize visual interference.

The best medicinal drugs that can just make your living easy with a pressure and stree free eye is Bimatoprost (Lumigan). It is used for getting down eye pressure to help keep away from damage to the optic nerve in people with high eye pressure or else open angle glaucoma.

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Secrets Of How To Cure Bad Breath

Bad breath is both an embarrassment and a horrible condition to be suffering from. Whether it be in a casual conversation or in a business situation like a meeting or seminar, there is no way of describing that feeling of dread when you realise during a conversation that there is something wrong with your breath. For some people that suffer from bad breath, this fear can stop them from going out into public situations. For some people the thought or fear that they have bad breath when in reality you don't is a real one. Called Delusional halitosis, it affects approximately 1% of the population.

The Correct Cure For Bad Breath
Bad breath has several distinct causes and the treatment will vary depending on the cause. If there is an underlying problem, eating mints will not resolve it long-term. Commonly, one in four people suffer from bad breath and there is a cure for more bad breath sufferers.

The main causes of bad breath include some foods, dentures, oral bacteria, smoking and dry mouth. There are both long-term and short-term bad breath depending on the cause, however there is a cure for each of them.

Bad Breath From Food
It is common knowledge that food such as onions and garlic can cause bad breath after being consumed. The smell of bad breath that originates from food comes from the intestinal tract, and while chewing on parsley or peppermint to mask to odour. You can use mint but it may become an even more unpleasant smell. It is best to wait till the food leave your body naturally.

Bad Breath and Dentures

Wearers of dentures should clean them regularly as food particles can be caught in them, and this is a great source of bacteria build-up. It is the bacteria that causes the bad breath. Regular cleaning will stop this from occurring.

Speaking of bacteria...

Oral Bacteria
This is the number one cause of bad breath in the mouth, teeth and gums. Regular brushing and cleaning, as well as flossing of the teeth can completely remove this problem. The tongue is another great place that bacteria love to live so ensure that you brush or scrape your tongue. Scraping is more effective as it removes the dead cells as well.

Smoking Causes Bad Breath
One of the strongest smells is from tobacco and cigarette smoke and it is very hard to shift from your mouth, and your clothes. Nothing can mask this strong, offensive smell. Some mouthwashes mask the smell for a short time. Stopping smoking is the best solution here.

Bad Breath Caused by Dry Mouth
Moisture in the mouth in the form of saliva cleans it of excess food particles and ensures that there is a balance that bacteria can exist in peacefully. If the mouth becomes dry, food particles build up and bacteria start to lose control. Suddenly the whole ecosystem in your mouth has gone awry. Make sure that you drink at least 8 glasses of water everyday. This will reduce the chances of dry mouth. You may notice when you first wake up that your breath is quite strong. This is because the mouth has dried out while you were asleep. Drink a glass of water and that short-term problem disappears.

The mos effective solution for bad breath is to match the problem with the cause. Once the cure has been found, the suffer will feel less embarrassed and can get back to a socially normal life. At last you can attend those meeting with a new feeling of confidence.
READ MORE - Secrets Of How To Cure Bad Breath

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Losing Weight And Diabetes-Important Facts

Very few people realize the profound effect that weight has on diabetes. Even instances of gestational diabetes are much greater in patients that are overweight than in those that are not. Type 2, or adult onset diabetes is more commonly found in overweight people than those that are within their 'ideal' weight ranges. In fact, almost 90% of those with Type 2 diabetes are overweight. If you are suffering from Type 2 diabetes, the best gift you could possibly give yourself just might be the gift of getting your weight under control.

Among those that suffer from Type 2 diabetes almost 40% have high blood pressure, which is another condition that is believed to be exacerbated by excess weight. Being overweight might also lead to a condition known as insulin resistance in which the body no longer responds to the insulin that is needed to assist the body in using sugar and glucose as fuel on a cellular level.

There are some things you can do to help yourself out if you have been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes or labeled at risk for this devastating condition. First of all, take off the pounds. I know this is much easier said than done. Dieting is never easy and rarely fun for the average person. However, if you do not begin to take drastic steps toward procuring the best possible health for yourself you may not be able to enjoy the quality of life you had planned for your golden years. Let your condition be your motivation and make plans to enjoy watching your grandchildren and great grandchildren graduate college.

Fight it standing up. Don't sit down and let Diabetes control you. Stand up and take control of your body back. This is a fight to the finish and if you let it, diabetes will be your end. If you fight it standing up, lose the weight, get out there and exercise, listen to the doctor's orders and follow them. Find the strength within you to battle this disease head on. You'll be amazed at what happens when you decide to stand up and fight for your health.

Get active. Find activities that you enjoy and get out there and do them. Don't make those activities passive activities either. Even if it's just going out to play shuffleboard everyday get out there and play. Enjoy your time in the sun. Pick flowers with the little ones. Take up golf. Do whatever it takes to get up and moving each and every day in order to remember why you want to live forever in the first place.

Watch what you eat. Garbage in, garbage out, right? You have strict dietary requirements once you've been diagnosed with diabetes. This means that you absolutely must follow your dietary restrictions. Learn to live within those limits in order to live and enjoy life to the fullest you can. The amazing thing is that there are all kinds of foods available that are friendly to those with diabetes that weren't around just a few short years ago. It is quite possible to live and eat quite nicely with diabetes if you stick to your plan. The most important thing about dieting with diabetes is that you never lose sight of how crucial it is to do so.
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Treatment For Rotator Cuff Disorders And Injuries The Permanent And Natural Way

Of course, there is not a single treatment for rotator cuff available, since the complex set up of the shoulder joint allows for a multitude of disorders and injuries requiring specific attention, depending on severity and/or stage. The usual culprits are medicines like steroidal and non steroidal anti inflammatories, cortisone injections for more sever cases, natural remedies like hot packs and ice packs, ultrasounds, and even manipulation and surgery following injuries or to resolve a stubborn disorder. However there is also a particular natural treatment for rotator cuff in the form of exercises targeting the 4 muscles and tendons comprising the cuff, in order to strengthen it and cut down recovery times to a fraction, permanently.

These exercises can be part of a rehabilitation program following injury, like a torn or a dislocated cuff, as a physical therapy protocol after arthroscopy, but also as a strengthening and healing program to slash recovery times for all major shoulder disorders afflicting thousands of people worldwide every day. Conditions like a Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis), Shoulder Impingement, Bursitis and Tendonitis can all greatly benefit from a protocol of specific internal and external rotation exercises to restore the cuff, reducing inflammation naturally, eliminating the need for drugs and pain, while slashing recovery times to weeks, not months.

In fact, all the above disorders can take months and even few years to resolve if treated with just courses of anti inflammatories. Cold packs, hot packs and ultrasounds also let to be desired, because these remedies, though cheap and void of side effects, are also temporarily or mildly effective. Cortisone injections, like drugs, are effective at reducing pain and improve mobility, but also carry nasty side effects. Manipulation for a Frozen Shoulder to break the Adhesions, or Arthroscopy to resolve any injury or a severe disorder should always be used as last resort and are mostly avoidable, except when caused by a trauma requiring surgical intervention or a nasty disorder.

A treatment for rotator cuff based on such exercises not only will it be useful to recover and repair the cuff fast, but it will also help prevent further injuries or a disorder relapse if regularly implemented as part of an over all shoulder conditioning program, along with normal training routines.
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The Effectiveness Of Hypnotherapy In Stopping Smoking Addiction

Hypnotherapy is considered one of the most promising fields of medicine when it comes to solving patients bad habit like smoking and gambling. In this type of therapy, the patient is put on trance so that the therapist can create certain contact with his subconscious mind of his patient. Once there is an established connection, the patient becomes more aware to what the therapist say because his mind would hear nothing but the voice of the hypnotherapist, making himself believe that he have to quit smoking or stop gambling.

This type of treatment is known in the field of mind control as the smoking cessation hypnosis which goal is to make people to totally quit their nicotine habits. However, not all people who are capable of hypnotism can do this kind of treatment because this method can only be done by trained professionals and should be administered to patients that agree to follow the intricate process of hypnotherapy. If treatment is done by people who do not know the complete treatment, the patient with problem will not be treated at all or worse may alter part of his behavior in some ways.

When it comes to smoking cessation, the first step in treating nicotine addiction is for the hypnotherapist to explain to the patient before the treatment about the risks of extreme smoking. He will explain how does person can become addicted to smoking and what factors can tempt the person to start smoking which lead to addiction to nicotine The aim of this discussion is to make the patient understand the risks and the danger he will be exposed to.

The next stage already involves the actual hypnotherapy process. In this phase, the patient will be hypnotized according to his will. He will be put into a drowsy state and then into a trance. When the patient seems to be in a dream like state, the hypnotherapist will ask the patient what lead him to his addiction, who influenced him to smoke and what makes him to smoke even more. When the patient has already brought this out from his subconscious and tell it the hypnotherapist, the hypnotherapist will then tell the patient to liken the cigarette stick into something that can harm the patient and what effect can cigarettes do to his body. The patient will then be given an option how he can stop his addiction and the hypnotherapist will agree and at the same time tell his patient about other option he can take. While the patient and the hypnotherapist discuss these things slowly, the hypnotherapist will inject into his patients mind things that he must do and avoid until the patient finally gives in and agree to stop smoking altogether.

The hypnotherapist will also try to break the myths that the patients believe and negate it with positive ideals. In summary about this treatment, when the conscious mind and the subconscious agreed on the same level, the physical body will follow. When the patient will be awakened, the only things he will remember are those positive ideals that have been injected into his subconscious mind. This kind of treatment is now being recognized by some hospitals because the result for such treatment is promising. At present, this is one of the most popular branches of mental therapies because it caters to a wide variety of patients mental problems like anxieties, phobia and other self-inflicted mental disorders.
READ MORE - The Effectiveness Of Hypnotherapy In Stopping Smoking Addiction

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Home Remedies For Female Infertility And Treatment

There are many different types of infertility experienced by women. Many of the fertility problems can be easily treated.
However, the sooner you get a judgment, the better your prognosis will be. In this section, you'll find explanations for numerous female infertility disorders.
Some of the most ordinary causes of female infertility include polycystic ovarian syndrome, fibroids and endometriosis.
However, there are more than a few other reason why a woman may knowledge fertility problems, such as ovulatory disorders (like anovulation), premature ovarian breakdown and uterine factors. Egg quality also plays a role in infertility in many women.
Causes of Female Infertility
1. Ovulatory problems
2. Cervical factors
3. Pelvic and tubal factors, and
4. Uterine factors
Symptoms of Female Infertility
Other than the obvious inability to conceive, there are also other signs of female infertility which may be obvious to the diagnosing doctor.
Female infertility is suspected when the women may have a menstrual cycle that is unpredictable or unstable or even absent for months on end.
Pain in the region of the woman's reproductive system may also pinpoint to female infertility. Pain may signify some obstruction or injury to the female reproductive organs or system that may be the cause of female infertility.
Treatment of Female Infertility
1. Ovarian stimulation
-by drugs such as '˜clomiphene citrate'
-using hormonal injections plus intercourse
2. Assisted reproductive technologies as treatment for unexplained infertility
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
3. Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT

In GIFT a mixture of sperm and eggs are introduced into the end of the fallopian tube at laproscopy.
Home remedies for Female Infertility

1. Jamun Leaves: To deal by means of the female infertility problem, you can eat jamun leaves. Add a little honey in case you don't like the taste of jamun leaves.
2. Root of Banyan Tree: Roots of banyan tree are highly capable in curing the female infertility problem. Collect these roots and dry them I sun for few days. Then grind them and make very well powder from them. When your menstrual cycles are in excess of after that on the first night have this residue with milk. Make sure that you don't eat anything right away after having this. Follow this remedy for about one year. There will be definitely some good news waiting for you and all thanks to this trouble-free and easy remedy.
3. Crud and Cheese: Include cheese and curd in your each day meal, as these two are successful in growing the probability of fertility in women.
4. Yoga: Join some yoga class, as some of the attitude of Yoga really helps in curing female infertility. It is better to do these postures under the guidance of conversant teacher.
5. Diet: You must eat abundance of green vegetables, fresh fruits, nuts, seeds, grains, milk, honey, curd, cheese, sprouts, beans, etc. All these things are wanted for having a healthy body.
6. Avoid: You be theoretical to not drink coffee, tea, spicy and fatty food, white flour, fried foods and soft drinks. Also wait absent from smoking and drinking alcohol. You should not consume some drugs
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Ways To Lose Weight And Gain Muscle

Our body weight is made up of three components; water, fat free mass and muscle mass. Water as its name implies is the amount of water present in our bodies. Fat free mass includes our bones, organs and skin. Muscle mass on the other hand is the amount of muscle in our body. In weight loss, muscle mass is the most important thing to consider. This is because muscle burns fat and increases our metabolism. In weight loss, total body weight is not as important as the amount of muscle mass in our body. So it is very important to lose weight and gain muscle.
Without hesitation, given that want to get rid of those unsightly bulges, make sure that you also lift weights to help tone your body. Lifting weights with the help of exercise machines at the gym will absolutely get you on the right track to lose weight while also gain muscle.
Gaining muscle or increasing muscle mass should be the main goal for weight loss. Increasing muscle mass will aid in keeping us toned and burning fat. Furthermore, the more muscle we have, the more power our bodies will have in burning the food we eat.
To lose weight and gain muscle, one must engage in weight training and get adequate rest. Engaging in a holistic exercise program such as doing cardiovascular workouts and incorporating weight training will optimize one's weight loss. Rest is also part of the equation because the body needs rest to recover and rebuild muscle.
Building muscle can be a daunting task for most beginners but after a few months of regular weight training, you will be able to reap its benefits. Faster metabolism, toning and strength are only few of the things that it will give a person.
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konsep puskesmas dan program puskesmas

>> Thursday, June 24, 2010

Latar belakang
• Pelayanan kesehatan (BKIA, BP, BP4) berjalan sendiri sendiri
• Keinginan untuk menyatukan payanan kesehatan tingkat pertama

Rakernas I di Jakarta th 1968
• Puskesmas tingkat desa
• Puskesmas tingkat kecamatan
• Puskesmas tingkat kawedanan
• Puskesmas tingkat kabupaten

Rakernas II di Jakarta th 1969
• Puskesmas A, dipimpin seorang dokter penuh
• Puskesmas B, dipimpin oleh dokter tidak penuh
• Puskesmas C, dipimpin oleh paramedic

Rakernas th 1970
• Pembagian puskesmas A, B dan C dianggap kurang sesuai.
• Ditetapkan satu macam puskesmas yang wilayah kerjanya meliputi satu kecamatan atau pada suatu daerah dengan jumlah penduduk antara 30.000 sampai 50.000 jiwa. Yang dikenal dengan konsep wilayah

• Berdasarkan Inpres No. 5 tahun 1974 dan No. 4 tahun 1976 konsep wilayah diperkecil menjadi suatu wilayah dengan jumlah penduduk 30.000 jiwa.
• Tahun 1979 dirintis puskesmas di tingkat desa atau kelurahahan yang memiliki jumlah penduduk 30.000 jiwa.
• Untuk koordinasi kegiatan di tingkat kecamatan, salah satu ditunjuk menjadi sebagai penanggung jawab dan disebut Puskesmas Kecamatan atau Puskesmas pembina
• Dan puskesmas yang ada di desa/kelurahan disebut sebagai puskesmas pembantu

Definisi
Depkes 1991
Suatu kesatuan organisasi fungsional yang merupakan pusat pengembangan kesehatan masyarakat yang juga membina peran serta masyarakat disamping memberikan pelayanan kesehatan secara menyeluruh dan terpadu kepada masyarakat di wilayah kerjanya dalam bentuk kegiatan pokok.




Fungsi Puskesmas

Fungsi Pokok
• Sebagai pusat pembangunan kesehatan masyarakat.
• Membina peran serta masyarakat
• Memberikan pelayanan kesehatan secara menyeluruh dan terpadu

Cara-cara yang ditempuh
1. Merangsang masyarakat termasuk swasta untuk melaksanakan kegiatan dalam rangka menolong dirinya sendiri.
2. Memberikan petunjuk kepada masyarakat tentang bagaimana menggunakan sumber daya secara efisien dan efektif.
3. Memberikan bantuan teknis
4. Memberikan pelayanan kesehatan langsung kepada masyarakat
5. Kerjasama lintas sector

Program Pokok Puskesmas
1. KIA
2. KB
3. Usaha Kesehatan Gizi
4. Kesehatan Lingkungan
5. Pemberantasan dan pencegahan penyakit menular
6. Pengobatan termasuk penaganan darurat karena kecelakaan
7. Penyuluhan kesehatan masyarakat
8. Kesehatan sekolah
9. Kesehatan olah raga
10. Perawatan Kesehatan
11. Masyarakat
12. Kesehatan kerja
13. Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut
14. Kesehatan jiwa
15. Kesehatan mata
16. Laboratorium sederhana
17. Pencatatan dan pelaporan dalam rangka SIK
18. Pembinaan pemgobatan tradisional
19. Kesehatan remaja
20. Dana sehat


Satuan Penunjang
1. Puskesmas Pembantu
2. Puskesmas Keliling
3. Bidan desa


Puskesmas Pembantu
Unit pelayanan kesehatan yang sederhana dan berfungsi menunjang dan membantu melaksanakan kegiatan-kegiatan yang dilakukan puskesmas dalam rung lingkup wilayah yang lebih kecil

Puskesmas Keliling
Unit pelayanan kesehatan keliling yang dilengkapi dengan kendaraan bermotor dan peralatan kesehatan, peralatan komunikasiserta sejumlah tenaga yang berasal dari puskesmas.
• Memberi pelayanan kesehatan daerah terpencil
• Melakukan penyelidikan KLB
• Transport rujukan pasien
• Penyuluhan kesehatan dengan audiovisual

Bidan desa
Bagi desa yang belum ada fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan ditempatkan seorang bidan yang bertempat tinggal di desa tersebut dan bertanggung jawab kepada kepala puskesmas.
• Wilayah kerjanyadengan jumlah penduduk 3.000 orang \
• Tugas utama bidan desa
• Membina PSM
• Memberikan pelayanan
• Menerima rujukan dari masyarakat

Micro Planning

Pengertian
Perencanaan micro tingkat puskesmas adalah penyusunan rencana tingkat puskesmas untuk 5 tahun, termasuk rincian tiap tahunnya

Tujuan
Umum
Meningkatkan cakupan pelayanan program prioritas sesuai dengan masalah yang dihadapi puskesmas sehingga meningkatkan fungsi puskesmas.
Khusus
• Tersusunnya rencana kerja puskesmas untuk jangaka waktu 5 tahun secara tertulis.
• Tersusunnya rencana kerja tahunan puskesmas, sebagai penjabaran rencana kerja 5 tahunan.

Langkah dalam penyusunan
• Identifikasi keadaan dan masalah
• Penyusunan rencana
• Penyusunan POA
• Penulisan dokumen pencatatan


Identifikasi keadaan dan masalah
• Mengetahui kebijakan
• Mengumpulkan data
• Data umum
• Data wilayah
• Data penduduk
• Data Sumber daya puskesmas
• Data status kesehatan
• Data Cakupan
• Analisa data
• Analisa derajat kesehatan
• Analisa kependudukan
• Analisa upaya pelayanan kesehatan
• Analisa perilaku
• Analisa lingkungan
• Perumusan masala
• Penentuan prioritas
Delbeq: dengan cara mendiskusikan dengan anggota kelompok dan
mendengarkan saran dari nara sumber
Hanlon: sistem skoring
Besarnya masalah meniputi
• Prosentase penduduk yang terkena
• Biaya per orang/bulan
• Kerugian
• Skor 0 -10

Tingkat kegawatan
• Ganas
• Urgensi
• Kecenderungan
• Skor 0 – 10

Kemudahan cara penanggunangan
Nilai 0,5 – 1,5

Faktor PEARL
Menentukan dapat tidaknya program tersebut dilakukan
P: Appropriatness (tepat guna)
E: Economic feasibility
A: acceptability
R: Resourse availability
L: Legality

Penentuan skor melalui voting 1:ya, 0:tidak

Penyusunan rencana kegiatan
• Perumusan tujuan dan sasaran
• Perumusan kebijakan dan langkah-langkah
• Perumusan kegiatan
• Perumusan sumber daya

Penyusunan POA
• Penjadwalan
• Penentuan waktu
• Penentuan lokasi dan sasaran
• pengorganisasia
• Pengalokasian sumber daya
• Dana: sumber, besarnya dan pemanfaatannya
• Jenis dan jumlah sarana yang diperlukan
• Jumlah dan tenaga yang diperlukan
• Pelaksanaan
• Persiapan
• Penggerakan dan pelaksanaan
• Pengawasan, pengendalian dan penilaian

Penulisan dokumen
1. Pendahuluan
2. Keadaan dan masalah
3. Tujuan dan sasaran
4. Pokok kegiatan dan pentahapan
5. Kebutuhan sumber daya
6. Pemantauan dan penilaian
7. Penutup

Lokakarya Mini Puskesmas

Definisi
Upaya untuk menggalang kerjasama tim untuk penggerakan dan pelaksanaan upaya kesehatan puskesmas sesuai dengan rencanayang telah disusun dari tiap-tiap upaya kesehatan pokok puskesmas, sehingga dapat dihindarkan terjadinya tumpang tindih dalam pelaksanaan kegiatannya.

Tujuan
Umum
Meningkatkan kemampuan tenaga puskesmas bekerja sama dengan tim dan membina kerjasama lintas program dan lintas sektoral.
Khusus
• Terlaksananya kerjasama tim lintas program
• Terlaksananya kerjasama lintas sektoran dalam rangka pembinaan PSM
• Terlaksananya rapat kerja bulanan
• Terlaksananya rapat kerja triwulan dan pembinaan kerjasama lintas
Sektoral

Ruang lingkup
• Menggalang kerjasama tim dari masing-masing anggota
• Meningkatkan kebanggaan dan semangat membela keberhasilan tim

Komponen
• Penggalangan kerjasama dalam tim puskesmas
• Penggalangan kerjasama lintas sektoral
• Rapat kerja bulanan puskesmas
• Rapat kerja triwulan lintas sektoral

Supervisi

Definisi
Upaya pengarahan dengan cara mendengar alasan dan keluhan-keluhan tentang masalah dalam pelaksanaan dan memberikan petunjuk serta saran-saran dalam mengatasi permasalan yang dihadapi pelaksana, sehingga meningkatkan daya guna dan hasil guna serta kemampuan pelaksana dalam melaksanakan upaya kesehatan puskesmas

Tujuan
Umum
Terselenggaranya upaya kesehatan puskesmas secara berhasil guna dan berdayaguna
Khusus
• Terselenggaranya program upaya kesehatan puskesmas sesuai dengan pedoman pelaksanaan
• Kekeliruan dan penyimpangan dalat diluruskan.
• Meningkatkan mutu pelayanan
• Meningkatkan hasil pencapaian puskesmas
• Meningkatkan hasil pencapaian pelayanan puskesmas

Ruang lingkup
• Bimbingan kepala puskesmas kepada pelaksana meliputi:
• Masukan
• Sarana dan prasarana
• Anggaran
• Keternagaan
• Perlengkapan administrasi
• Proses
• Sesuai pedoman puskesmas
• Keluaran
• Cakupan

• Bimbingan kepala puskesmas kepada tenaga teknis dan tenaga masyarakat dalam bentuk:
1. Pertemuan dalam puskesmas
2. Kunjungan lapangan
3. Pelaksanaan bimbingan
4. Pengaturan waktu


Puskesmas Di Era Reformasi

Latar Belakang
1. Amandemen UUD 45 Pasal 28 Ayat H tentang kewajiban pemerintah menyediakan pelayanan kesehatan bagi penduduk
2. UU Kesehatan no 23 tahun 1992
3. Tuntutan globalisasi
4. Pergeseran paradigma
5. Kebijakan pembangunan kesehatan dan perkembangan puskesmas

Analisa Kekuatan Puskesmas
1. Puskesmas tersebar di seluruh tanah air
2. Keberhasilan puskesmas dalam meningkatkan cakupan
3. Ketersediaan sumberdaya
4. Kepopuleran Puskesmas

Analisa Kelemahan Puskesmas
1. Citra puskesmas belum baik
2. Tidak memiliki visi dan misi
3. Tiga fungsi pokok puskesmas belum seimbang
4. Beban kerja belum sesuai dengan sumberdaya
5. Kemitraan dengan stake holder dan share holder masih kurang

Peluan Pengembangan
1. Amandemen UUD 45
2. Tuntutan reformasi
3. Kemajuan IPTEK
4. Desentralisasi
5. Kesepakatan Bupati

Ancaman
1. Transisi epidemiologi
2. Pencemaran lingkungan
3. Perubahan peliralu dan gaya hidup masyarakat
4. Kesehatan masih menjadi sumber Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD)

Penyebab masalah
1. Kepemimpinan
2. Sarana tidak memadai
3. Beban berlebihan

Revitalisasi Puskesmas
1. Meningkatkan kepemimpinan Puskesmas
2. Renovasi sarana dan prasarana
3. Reformasi konsep puskesmas yang sedang berjalan

Perbedaan Puskesmas Dulu dan Sekarang

Dulu
1. Tidak ada visi
2. Fungsi
• Pusbangkes
• Pembinaan PSM
• Pusyankes
3. Program pokok
4. Berbasis cakupan

Sekarang
1. Ada visi
2. Fungsi
• Pembangunan berwawasan kesehatan
• Pemberdayaan kel dan mas.
• Pemberi pelayanan tingkat pertama
3. Basis sarana kesehatan, IPTS, IPKS
Pengertian

Unit pelaksana kesehatan di wilayah kerja kecamatan atau bagian dari kecamatan dengan azas:
• Kewilayahan
• Peran serta masyarakat
• Keterpaduan
• Rujukan

Fungsi Puskesmas
1. Pusat penggerakan pembangunan berwawasan kesehatan
2. Pusat pemberdayaan masyarakat dan keluarga dalam pembangunan kesehatan
3. Pusat pelayanan kesehatan tingkat pertama

Pusat penggerakan pembangunan berwawasan kesehatan
1. Menjadi motivator, fasilitator, pemantau pembangunan di wilayah kerjanya
2. Intensif dalam kerjasama lintas sektoral
3. Kemitraan dengan sektor swasta, dunia usaha dan lainnya
4. Fasilitator dalam forum kecamatan sehat

Pusat pemberdayaan masyarakat dan keluarga
1. Menggalang potensi masyarakat
2. Memfasilitasi tumbuh kembang Badan Penyantuhn Puskesmas (BPP) dan BPKM.
3. Peduli keluarga, peduli remaja dan peduli lansia

Pusat pelayanan kesehatan tingkat pertama
1. Menyediakan pelayanan medik dan kesehatan masyarakat
2. Model pelayanan (statik dan mobile)
3. Peningkatan jenis mutu pelayanan kesehatan
4. Peningkatan sarana pelayanan kesehatan

Program Puskesmas
1. Promosi kesehatan
2. Kesehatan lingkungan
3. P2M
4. KIA/KB
5. Perbaikan Gizi
6. Pengobatan dasar
7. Program pengembangan

Pembiayaan
• Fee for service
• Pra Upaya
• APBD
• Kerjasama Kemitraan
• Hibah atau Grant

Indikator Pencapaian Kecamatan Sehat
1. Indikator lingkungan
2. Indikator perilaku sehat
3. Indikator pelayanan sehat
4. Indikator status kesehatan

Indikator Pelaksanaan Fungsi Puskesmas
• Pembangunan Berwawasan kesehatan (IPTS)
• Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (UKBM), Kemitraan, BPP.
• Pemberdayaan keluarga (IPKS)
• Yankes; cakupan dan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan

IPTS(Indikator Potensi Tatanan Sehat)
• Tatanan sekolah
• Tatanan tempat kerja
• Tatanan tempat umum
• Indikator yang dipakai PHBS

Indikator sekolah sehat
• Ada air bersih
• Ada jamban
• Ada larangan merokok
• Ada dokter kecil
• Ada tempat sampah

UKBM (Upaya Kesehatan Berbasis Masyarakat)
1. Diutamakan posyandu dan polindes
2. Harus ada informasi berbasis polindes
3. Strata posyandu dinilai setahun sekali

IPKS (Indikator Potensi Keluarga Sehat)
• Ada air bersih
• Tersedia jamban saniter
• Lantai rumah bukan tanah
• Peserta KB bagi PUS
• Menimbang balita bagi yang punya bayi
• Tidah ada anggota keluarga yang merokok
• Menjadi peserta dana sehat/askes/JPKM

IPMS (Indikator Potensi Masyarakat Sehat)
1. Cakupan dan kulitas dari program pokok
2. Cakupan dan kualitas dari program pengembangan

Daftar Pustaka :
Pedoman Kerja Puskesmas Jelid 1
Pedoman ARRIEF
READ MORE - konsep puskesmas dan program puskesmas

Read more...

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